Author: Ramkumar Sundarakalatharan

Defence Tech at Risk: Palantir, Anduril, and Govini in the New AI Arms Race

Defence Tech at Risk: Palantir, Anduril, and Govini in the New AI Arms Race

By | | Comments 0 Comment

A Chink in Palantir and Anduril’s Armour? Govini and Others Are Unsheathing the Sword

When Silicon Valley Code Marches to War

A U.S. Army Chinook rises over Gyeonggi Province, carrying not only soldiers and equipment but streams of battlefield telemetry, encrypted packets of sight, sound and position. Below, sensors link to vehicles, commanders to drones, decisions to data. Yet a recent Army memo reveals a darker subtext: the very network binding these forces together has been declared “very high risk.”

The battlefield is now a software construct. And the architects of that code are not defence primes from the industrial era but Silicon Valley firms, Anduril and Palantir. For years, they have promised that agility, automation and machine intelligence could redefine combat efficiency. But when an internal memo brands their flagship platform “fundamentally insecure,” the question is no longer about innovation. It is about survival.

Just as the armour shows its first cracks, another company, Govini, crosses $100 million in annual recurring revenue, sharpening its own blade in the same theatre.

When velocity becomes virtue and verification an afterthought, the chink in the armour often starts in the code.

The Field Brief

  • A U.S. Army CTO memo calls Anduril–Palantir’s NGC2 communications platform “very high risk.”
  • Vulnerabilities: unrestricted access, missing logs, unvetted third-party apps, and hundreds of critical flaws.
  • Palantir’s stock drops 7 %; Anduril dismisses findings as outdated.
  • Meanwhile, Govini surpasses $100 M ARR with $150 M funding from Bain Capital.
  • The new arms race is not hardware; it is assurance.

Silicon Valley’s March on the Pentagon

For over half a century, America’s defence economy was dominated by industrial giants, Lockheed Martin, Boeing, and Northrop Grumman. Their reign was measured in steel, thrust and tonnage. But the twenty-first century introduced a new class of combatant: code.

Palantir began as an analytics engine for intelligence agencies, translating oceans of data into patterns of threat. Anduril followed as the hardware-agnostic platform marrying drones, sensors and AI decision loops into one mesh of command. Both firms embodied the “move fast” ideology of Silicon Valley, speed as a substitute for bureaucracy.

The Pentagon, fatigued by procurement inertia, welcomed the disruption. Billions flowed to agile software vendors promising digital dominance. Yet agility without auditability breeds fragility. And that fragility surfaced in the Army’s own words.

Inside the Memo: The Code Beneath the Uniform

The leaked memo, authored by Army CTO Gabriele Chiulli, outlines fundamental failures in the Next-Generation Command and Control (NGC2) prototype, a joint effort by Anduril, Palantir, Microsoft and others.

“We cannot control who sees what, we cannot see what users are doing, and we cannot verify that the software itself is secure.”

The findings are stark: users at varying clearance levels could access all data; activity logging was absent; several embedded applications had not undergone Army security assessment; one revealed twenty-five high-severity vulnerabilities, while others exceeded two hundred.

Translated into security language, the platform lacks role-based access control, integrity monitoring, and cryptographic segregation of data domains. Strategically, this means command blindness: an adversary breaching one node could move laterally without a trace.

In the lexicon of cyber operations, that is not “high risk.” It is mission failure waiting for confirmation.

Inside the Memo: The Code Beneath the Uniform

The leaked memo, authored by Army CTO Gabriele Chiulli, outlines fundamental failures in the Next-Generation Command and Control (NGC2) prototype — a joint effort by Anduril, Palantir, Microsoft and others.

“We cannot control who sees what, we cannot see what users are doing, and we cannot verify that the software itself is secure.”

-US Army Memo

The findings are stark: users at varying clearance levels could access all data; activity logging was absent; several embedded applications had not undergone Army security assessment; one revealed twenty-five high-severity vulnerabilities, while others exceeded two hundred.

Translated into security language, the platform lacks role-based access control, integrity monitoring, and cryptographic segregation of data domains. Strategically, this means command blindness: an adversary breaching one node could move laterally without trace.

In the lexicon of cyber operations, that is not “high risk.” It is a “mission failure waiting for confirmation”.

The Doctrine of Velocity

Anduril’s rebuttal was swift. The report, they claimed, represented “an outdated snapshot.” Palantir insisted that no vulnerabilities were found within its own platform.

Their responses echo a philosophy as old as the Valley itself: innovation first, audit later. The Army’s integration of Continuous Authority to Operate (cATO) sought to balance agility with accountability, allowing updates to roll out in days rather than months. Yet cATO is only as strong as the telemetry beneath it. Without continuous evidence, continuous authorisation becomes continuous exposure.

This is the paradox of modern defence tech: DevSecOps without DevGovernance. A battlefield network built for iteration risks treating soldiers as beta testers.

Govini’s Counteroffensive: Discipline over Demos

While Palantir’s valuation trembled, Govini’s ascended. The Arlington-based startup announced $100 million in annual recurring revenue and secured $150 million from Bain Capital. Its CEO, Tara Murphy Dougherty — herself a former Palantir executive — emphasised the company’s growth trajectory and its $900 million federal contract portfolio.

Govini’s software, Ark, is less glamorous than autonomous drones or digital fire-control systems. It maps the U.S. military’s supply chain, linking procurement, logistics and readiness. Where others promise speed, Govini preaches structure. It tracks materials, suppliers and vulnerabilities across lifecycle data — from the factory floor to the frontline.

If Anduril and Palantir forged the sword of rapid innovation, Govini is perfecting its edge. Precision, not pace, has become its competitive advantage. In a field addicted to disruption, Govini’s discipline feels almost radical.

Technical Reading: From Vulnerability to Vector

The NGC2 memo can be interpreted through a simple threat-modelling lens:

  1. Privilege Creep → Data Exposure — Excessive permissions allow information spillage across clearance levels.
  2. Third-Party Applications → Supply-Chain Compromise — External code introduces unassessed attack surfaces.
  3. Absent Logging → Zero Forensics — Breaches remain undetected and untraceable.
  4. Unverified Binaries → Persistent Backdoors — Unknown components enable long-term infiltration.

These patterns mirror civilian software ecosystems: typosquatted dependencies on npm, poisoned PyPI packages, unpatched container images. The military variant merely amplifies consequences; a compromised package here could redirect an artillery feed, not a webpage.

Modern defence systems must therefore adopt commercial best practice at military scale: Software Bills of Materials (SBOMs), continuous vulnerability correlation, maintainer-anomaly detection, and cryptographic provenance tracking.

Metadata-only validation, verifying artefacts without exposing source, is emerging as the new battlefield armour. Security must become declarative, measurable, and independent of developer promises.

Procurement and Policy: When Compliance Becomes Combat

The implications extend far beyond Anduril and Palantir. Procurement frameworks themselves require reform. For decades, contracts rewarded milestones — prototypes delivered, demos staged, systems deployed. Very few tied payment to verified security outcomes.

Future defence contracts must integrate technical evidence: SBOMs, audit trails, and automated compliance proofs. Continuous monitoring should be a contractual clause, not an afterthought. The Department of Defense’s push towards Zero Trust and CMMC v2 compliance is a start, but implementation must reach code level.

Governments cannot afford to purchase vulnerabilities wrapped in innovation rhetoric. The next generation of military contracting must buy assurance as deliberately as it buys ammunition.

Market Implications: Valuation Meets Validation

The markets reacted predictably: Palantir’s shares slid 7.5 %, while Govini’s valuation swelled with investor confidence. Yet beneath these fluctuations lies a structural shift.

Defence technology is transitioning from narrative-driven valuation to evidence-driven validation. The metric investors increasingly prize is not just recurring revenue but recurring reliability, the ability to prove resilience under audit.

Trust capital, once intangible, is becoming quantifiable. In the next wave of defence-tech funding, startups that embed assurance pipelines will attract the same enthusiasm once reserved for speed alone.

The Lessons of the Armour — Ten Principles for Digital Fortification

For practitioners like me (Old school), here are the Lessons learnt through the classic lens of Saltzer and Schroder.

No.Modern Principle (Defence-Tech Context)Saltzer & Schroeder PrinciplePractical Interpretation in Modern Systems
1Command DevSecOps – Governance must be embedded, not appended. Every deployment decision is a command decision.Economy of MechanismKeep security mechanisms simple, auditable, and centrally enforced across CI/CD and mission environments.
2Segment by Mission – Separate environments and privileges by operational need.Least PrivilegeEach actor, human or machine, receives the minimum access required for the mission window. Segmentation prevents lateral movement.
3Log or Lose – No event should be untraceable.Complete MediationEvery access request and data flow must be logged and verified in real time. Enforce tamper-evident telemetry to maintain operational integrity.
4Vet Third-Party Code – Treat every dependency as a potential adversary.Open DesignAssume no obscurity. Transparency, reproducible builds and independent review are the only assurance that supply-chain code is safe.
5Maintain Live SBOMs – Generate provenance at build and deployment.Separation of PrivilegeIndependent verification of artefacts through cryptographic attestation ensures multiple checks before code reaches production.
6Embed Rollback Paths – Every deployment must have a controlled retreat.Fail-Safe DefaultsWhen uncertainty arises, systems must default to a known-safe state. Rollback or isolation preserves mission continuity.
7Automate Anomaly Detection – Treat telemetry as perimeter.Least Common MechanismShared services such as APIs or pipelines should minimise trust overlap. Automated detectors isolate abnormal behaviour before propagation.
8Demand Provenance – Trust only what can be verified cryptographically.Psychological AcceptabilityVerification should be effortless for operators. Provenance and signatures must integrate naturally into existing workflow tools.
9Audit AI – Governance must evolve with autonomy.Separation of Privilege and Economy of MechanismMultiple models or oversight nodes should validate AI decisions. Explainability should enhance, not complicate, assurance.
10Measure After Assurance – Performance metrics follow proof of security, never precede it.Least Privilege and Fail-Safe DefaultsPrioritise verifiable assurance before optimisation. Treat security evidence as a precondition for mission performance metrics.

The Sword and the Shield

The codebase has become the battlefield. Every unchecked commit, every unlogged transaction, carries kinetic consequence.

Anduril and Palantir forged the sword, algorithms that react faster than human cognition. But Govini, and others of its kind, remind us that the shield matters as much as the blade. In warfare, resilience is victory’s quiet architect.

The lesson is not that speed is dangerous, but that speed divorced from verification is indistinguishable from recklessness. The future of defence technology belongs to those who master both: the velocity to innovate and the discipline to ensure that innovation survives contact with reality.

In this new theatre of code and command, it is not the flash of the sword that defines power — it is the assurance of the armour that bears it.

References & Further Reading

  • Mike Stone, Reuters (3 Oct 2025) — “Anduril and Palantir battlefield communication system ‘very high risk,’ US Army memo says.”
  • Samantha Subin, CNBC (10 Oct 2025) — “Govini hits $100 M in annual recurring revenue with Bain Capital investment.”
  • NIST SP 800-218: Secure Software Development Framework (SSDF).
  • U.S. DoD Zero-Trust Strategy (2024).
  • MITRE ATT&CK for Defence Systems.
The Npm Breach: What It Reveals About Software Supply Chain Security

The Npm Breach: What It Reveals About Software Supply Chain Security

By | | Comments 0 Comment

When a Single Phishing Click Becomes a Global Vulnerability – Meet the Supply Chain’s Weakest Link

1. Phishing-Driven Attack on npm Packages

On 8 September 2025, maintainer Qix fell victim to a highly convincing phishing email from [email protected], which led to unauthorised password reset and takeover of his account. Attackers injected malicious code into at least 18 widely used packages — including debug and chalk. These are foundational dependencies with around two billion combined weekly downloads. The injected malware intercepts cryptocurrency and Web3 transactions in users’ browsers, redirecting funds to attacker wallets without any visual cues.

2. “s1ngularity” Attack on Nx Build System

On 26 August 2025, attackers leveraged a compromised GitHub Actions workflow to publish malicious versions of Nx and its plugins to npm. These packages executed post-install scripts that scanned infected systems for SSH keys, GitHub/npm tokens, environment variables, cryptocurrency wallet files, and more. Even more disturbing, attackers weaponised developer-facing AI command-line tools—including Claude, Gemini, and Amazon’s Q—using flags like --yolo, --trust-all-tools to recursively harvest sensitive data, then exfiltrated it to public GitHub repositories named s1ngularity-repository…. The breach is estimated to have exposed 1,000+ developers, 20,000 files, dozens of cloud credentials, and hundreds of valid GitHub tokens, all within just four hours. (TechRadar apiiro.com Nx Truesec Dark Reading InfoWorld )

What These Incidents Reveal

  • Phishing remains the most potent weapon, even with 2FA in place.
  • Malware now exploits developer trust and AI tools—weaponising familiar assistants as reconnaissance agents.
  • Supply chain attacks escalate rapidly, giving defenders little time to react.

Observability as a Defensive Priority

These events demonstrate that traditional vulnerability scanning alone is insufficient. The new frontier is observability — being able to see what packages and scripts are doing in real time.

Examples of Tools and Approaches

  • OX Security
    Provides SBOM (Software Bill of Materials) monitoring and CI/CD pipeline checks, helping detect suspicious post-install scripts and prevent compromised dependencies from flowing downstream. (OX Security)
  • Aikido Security
    Focuses on runtime observability and system behaviour monitoring. Its approach is designed to catch unauthorised resource access or hidden execution paths that could indicate an active supply chain compromise. (Aikido )
  • Academic and open research (OSCAR)
    Demonstrated high accuracy (F1 ≈ 0.95) in detecting malicious npm packages through behavioural metadata analysis. (arXiv)
  • Trace-AI
    Complements the above approaches by using OpenTelemetry-powered tracing to monitor:
    • Package installationsExecution of post-install scriptsAbnormal system calls and network operations
    Trace-AI, like other observability tools, brings runtime context to the supply chain puzzle, helping teams detect anomalies early. (Trace-AI )

Why Observability Matters

Without ObservabilityWith Observability Tools
Compromise discovered too lateBehavioural anomalies flagged in real time
Malware executes silentlyPost-install scripts tracked and analysed
AI tool misuse invisibleDangerous flags or recursive harvesting detected
Manual triage takes daysAutomated alerts shorten incident response

Final Word

These npm breaches show us that trust in open source is no longer enough. Observability must become a primary defensive measure, not an afterthought.

Tools like OX Security, Akkido Security, Trace-AI, and academic advances such as OSCAR all point towards a more resilient future. The real challenge for security teams is to embed observability into everyday workflows before attackers exploit the next blind spot.

References and Further Reading

  • BleepingComputer: npm phishing leads to supply chain compromise (~2 billion downloads/week) (link)
  • The Register: Maintainer phishing and injected crypto-hijack malware (link)
  • Socket.dev: Compromised packages including debug and chalk (link)
  • TechRadar: “s1ngularity” Nx breach (link)
  • Apiiro: Overview of Nx breach and payloads (link)
  • Nx.dev: Official post-mortem (link)
  • TrueSec: Supply chain attack analysis (link)
  • Infoworld: Breach impact on enterprise developers (link)
  • OX Security: Observability for supply chain security (link)
  • arXiv (OSCAR): Malicious npm detection research (link)

When Trust Cracks: The Vault Fault That Shook Identity Security

When Trust Cracks: The Vault Fault That Shook Identity Security

By | | Comments 0 Comment
A vault exposed outside the DMZ

Opening Scene: The Unthinkable Inside Your Digital Fortress

Imagine standing before a vault that holds every secret of your organisation. It is solid, silent and built to withstand brute force. Yet, one day you discover someone walked straight in. No alarms. No credentials. No trace of a break-in. That is what the security community woke up to when researchers disclosed Vault Fault. A cluster of flaws in the very tools meant to guard our digital crown jewels.

Behind the Curtain: The Guardians of Our Secrets

Secrets management platforms like HashiCorp Vault and CyberArk Conjur or Secrets Manager sit at the heart of modern identity infrastructure. They store API keys, service credentials, encryption keys and more. In DevSecOps pipelines and hybrid environments, they are the trusted custodians. If a vault is compromised, it is not one system at risk. It is every connected system.

Vault Fault Unveiled: A Perfect Storm of Logic Flaws

Security firm Cyata revealed fourteen vulnerabilities spread across CyberArk and HashiCorp’s vault products. These were not just minor configuration oversights. They included:

  • CyberArk Conjur: IAM authenticator bypass by manipulating how regions are parsed. Privilege escalation by authenticating as a policy. Remote code execution by exploiting the ERB-based Policy Factory.
  • HashiCorp Vault: Nine zero-day issues including the first ever RCE in Vault. Bypasses of multi-factor authentication and account lockout logic. User enumeration through subtle timing differences. Escalation by abusing how policies are normalised.

These were chains of logic flaws that could be combined to devastating effect. Attackers could impersonate identities, escalate privileges, execute arbitrary code and exfiltrate secrets without ever providing valid credentials.

The Fallout: When Silent Vaults Explode

Perhaps the most unnerving fact is the age of some vulnerabilities. Several had been present for up to nine years. Quiet, undetected and exploitable. Remote code execution against a secrets vault is the equivalent of giving an intruder the keys to every door in your company. Once inside, they can lock you out, leak sensitive information or weaponise access for extortion.

Response and Remedy: Patch, Shield, Reinvent

Both vendors have issued fixes:

  • CyberArk Secrets Manager and Self-Hosted versions 13.5.1 and 13.6.1.
  • CyberArk Conjur Open Source version 1.22.1.
  • HashiCorp Vault Community and Enterprise editions 1.20.2, 1.19.8, 1.18.13 and 1.16.24.

Cyata’s guidance is direct. Patch immediately. Restrict network exposure of vault instances. Audit and rotate secrets. Minimise secret lifetime and scope. Enable detailed audit logs and monitor for anomalies. CyberArk has also engaged directly with customers to support remediation efforts.

Broader Lessons: Beyond the Fault

The nature of these flaws should make us pause. They were not memory corruption or injection bugs. They were logic vulnerabilities hiding in plain sight. The kind that slip past automated scans and live through version after version.

It is like delegating your IaaS or PaaS to AWS or Azure. They may run the infrastructure, but you are still responsible for meeting your own uptime SLAs. In the same way, even if you store secrets such as credit card numbers, API tokens or encryption keys in a vault, you remain responsible for securing them. The liability for a breach still sits with you.

Startups are especially vulnerable. Many operate under relentless deadlines and tight budgets. They offload everything that is not seen as part of their “core” operations to third parties. This speeds up delivery but also widens the blast radius when those dependencies are compromised. When your vault provider fails, your customers will still hold you accountable.

This should push us to adopt more defensive architectures. Moving towards ephemeral credentials, context-aware access and reducing reliance on long-lived static secrets.

We also need a culture shift. Secrets vaults are not infallible. Their security must be tested continuously. This includes adversarial simulations, code audits and community scrutiny. Trust in security systems is not a one-time grant. It is a relationship that must be earned repeatedly.

Closing Reflection: Trust Must Earn Itself Again

Vault Fault is a reminder that even our most trusted systems can develop cracks. The breach is not in the brute force of an attacker but in the quiet oversight of logic and design. As defenders, we must assume nothing is beyond failure. We must watch the watchers, test the guards and challenge the fortresses we build. Because the next fault may already be there, waiting to be found.

References and Further Reading

  1. The Hacker News – CyberArk and HashiCorp Flaws Enable Secret Exfiltration Without Credentials: https://thehackernews.com/2025/08/cyberark-and-hashicorp-flaws-enable.html
  2. CSO Online – Researchers uncover RCE attack chains in popular enterprise credential vaults: https://www.csoonline.com/article/4035274/researchers-uncover-rce-attack-chains-in-popular-enterprise-credential-vaults.html
  3. Dark Reading – Critical Zero-Day Bugs in CyberArk, HashiCorp Password Vaults: https://www.darkreading.com/cybersecurity-operations/critical-zero-day-bugs-cyberark-hashicorp-password-vaults
  4. Cyata Security – Vault Fault Disclosure: https://cyata.ai/vault-fault
  5. CyberArk Official Blog – Addressing Recent Vulnerabilities and Our Commitment to Security: https://www.cyberark.com/resources/all-blog-posts/addressing-recent-vulnerabilities-and-our-commitment-to-security
A Leviathan Awakens: How Palantir Took Over Government AI

A Leviathan Awakens: How Palantir Took Over Government AI

By | | Comments 0 Comment

I. Introduction: The Unseen Empire

For years, Palantir has been the enigma of Silicon Valley. Once known for its secretive, high-stakes data work with intelligence agencies, it evolved into a cultural force, the nucleus of what many call the “Palantir Mafia.” As explored in previous pieces like Inside the Palantir Mafia: Secrets to Succeeding in the Tech Industry and Startups That Are Quietly Shaping the Future, its alumni have gone on to shape the world in both visible and subterranean ways.

But in 2025, the story pivots. As detailed in Innovation Drain: Is Palantir Losing Its Edge in 2025?, the company’s commercial growth slowed, innovation seemed to stagnate, and cultural relevance dimmed. Yet paradoxically, its profits soared.

Why? Because the leviathan found a new host, the government.

II. Government as a Business Model

Palantir’s Q1 2025 numbers stunned even seasoned analysts: revenue surged to $884 million, putting the company on a nearly $3.6 billion annual run-rate, with a staggering net profit of $214 million. This profitability was driven almost entirely by the public sector. Over 45% of its revenue came from U.S. government contracts, including:

  • A landmark $10 billion Army enterprise deal that consolidates 75 separate contracts
  • Active deployments in the FAA, IRS, CDC, and ICE
  • International expansion through NHS UK and allied defence systems

What makes Palantir unique is not just what it builds, but how it embeds itself. Its software is no longer a tool; it is infrastructure. And once its proprietary data formats and analytical models are woven into an agency’s core processes, the technical debt and operational risk of removal become insurmountable.

III. The Ethical Cost of Indispensability

The WIRED exposé and a suite of supporting reports from The Washington Post and AINvest paint a troubling picture. Government agencies are increasingly outsourcing decision-making logic to Palantir’s opaque algorithms.

Whether it’s CDC pandemic modelling or ICE’s predictive analytics, the lack of transparency and public oversight is striking. The life-altering consequences of these opaque models—whether they influence a quarantine order or a deportation notice—are executed with the full force of the state, yet designed beyond the reach of public scrutiny. And when Business Insider revealed that Palantir executives like Shyam Sankar were simultaneously appointed as reserve officers in the U.S. Army while bidding on DoD contracts, the red flags couldn’t be clearer.

This is not just procurement, it’s institutional capture.

IV. AI, Warfare, and the New Lobbying Order

CEO Alex Karp has been unabashed about his mission. He frames Palantir as a “Pro-Western Values AI company,” standing in contrast to big tech firms, he claims are too appeasing of adversaries.

This narrative is powerful, and profitable. The GENIUS Act, signed in July 2025, provides regulatory clarity and budgetary guarantees for AI use in federal operations. Palantir has been instrumental in shaping its language.

Still, competitors are circling. Microsoft and OpenAI are quietly trialling AI models within federal programmes. But their frameworks, often open and research-driven, struggle to match Palantir’s closed, battle-tested ecosystem.

Proponents, including many within the DoD, argue this integration is a feature, not a bug. They contend that Palantir’s platform provides a level of speed and data fusion that legacy systems cannot match, a capability deemed essential for modern warfare. However, this argument sidesteps the fundamental question of whether battlefield efficiency justifies the outsourcing of public accountability.

V. Commercial Plateau vs. Government High

In Innovation Drain, we argued that Palantir had lost its edge. That may still be true, for the private sector. Commercial clients demand agility, flexibility, and measurable ROI. Palantir’s platform, by contrast, is tailored for slow-moving, high-budget bureaucracies.

What looks like stagnation in the tech world is actually peak performance in the defence-industrial complex.

VI. The Palantir Mafia’s Legacy Revisited

Ironically, while Palantir itself morphs into a government fixture, its alumni have diverged sharply. From Anduril’s autonomous defence platforms to Epirus’ directed-energy weapons and a slew of stealth analytics startups, the real innovation has escaped the mothership.

As discussed in Startups That Are Quietly Shaping the Future, these offshoots channel Palantir DNA, aggressive mission focus, stealth operations, and a disdain for Big Tech groupthink, into areas Palantir can no longer touch.

This raises a question: Is Palantir still part of the innovation ecosystem, or has it become a bureaucratic toolsmith for the surveillance state?

VII. Conclusion: Leviathan or Lighthouse?

Palantir is no longer just a company. It is an institution woven into the fabric of multiple governments, operating across domains where civilian oversight is minimal and ethical debate is muted.

Its rise is instructive, not just as a case of business success, but as a warning of what happens when tech monopolies gain state-like permanence. The question isn’t just whether Palantir is profitable. It’s whether we, as citizens, are comfortable with a private company wielding this much invisible power.

In 2025, the true Palantir story isn’t about code. It’s about control.

References & Further Reading:

Simple Steps to Make Your Code More Secure Using Pre-Commit

Simple Steps to Make Your Code More Secure Using Pre-Commit

By | | Comments 0 Comment

Build Smarter, Ship Faster: Engineering Efficiency and Security with Pre-Commit

In high-velocity engineering teams, the biggest bottlenecks aren’t always technical; they are organisational. Inconsistent code quality, wasted CI cycles, and preventable security leaks silently erode your delivery speed and reliability. This is where pre-commit transforms from a utility to a discipline.

This guide unpacks how to use pre-commit hooks to drastically improve engineering efficiency and development-time security, with practical tips, real-world case studies, and scalable templates.

Developer Efficiency: Cut Feedback Loops, Boost Velocity

The Problem

  • Endless nitpicks in code reviews
  • Time lost in CI failures that could have been caught locally
  • Onboarding delays due to inconsistent tooling

Pre-Commit to the Rescue

  • Automates formatting, linting, and static checks
  • Runs locally before Git commit or push
  • Ensures only clean code enters your repos

Best Practices for Engineering Velocity

  • Use lightweight, scoped hooks like black, isort, flake8, eslint, and ruff
  • Set stages: [pre-commit, pre-push] to optimise local speed
  • Enforce full project checks in CI with pre-commit run --all-files

Case Study: Engineering Efficiency in D2C SaaS (VC Due Diligence)

While consulting on behalf of a VC firm evaluating a fast-scaling D2C SaaS platform, we observed recurring issues: poor formatting hygiene, inconsistent PEP8 compliance, and prolonged PR cycles. My recommendation was to introduce pre-commit with a standardised configuration.

Within two sprints:

  • Developer velocity improved with 30% faster code merges
  • CI resource usage dropped 40% by avoiding trivial build failures
  • The platform was better positioned for future investment, thanks to a visibly stronger engineering discipline

Shift-Left Security: Prevent Leaks Before They Ship

The Problem

  • Secrets accidentally committed to Git history
  • Vulnerable code changes sneaking past reviews
  • Inconsistent security hygiene across teams

Pre-Commit as a Security Gate

  • Enforce secret scanning at commit time with tools like detect-secrets, gitleaks, and trufflehog
  • Standardise secure practices across microservices via shared config
  • Prevent common anti-patterns (e.g., print debugging, insecure dependencies)

Pre-Commit Security Toolkit

  • detect-secrets for credential scanning
  • bandit for Python security static analysis
  • Custom regex-based hooks for internal secrets

Case Study: Security Posture for HealthTech Startup

During a technical audit for a VC exploring investment in a HealthTech startup handling patient data, I discovered credentials hardcoded in multiple branches. We immediately introduced detect-secrets and bandit via pre-commit.

Impact over the next month:

  • 100% of developers enforced local secret scanning
  • 3 previously undetected vulnerabilities were caught before merging
  • Their security maturity score, used by the VC’s internal checklist, jumped significantly—securing the next funding round

Implementation Blueprint

📄 Pre-commit Sample Config

repos:
  - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
    rev: v4.5.0
    hooks:
      - id: trailing-whitespace
      - id: end-of-file-fixer
  - repo: https://github.com/psf/black
    rev: 24.3.0
    hooks:
      - id: black
  - repo: https://github.com/Yelp/detect-secrets
    rev: v1.0.3
    hooks:
      - id: detect-secrets
        args: ['--baseline', '.secrets.baseline']
        stages: [pre-commit]

Developer Setup

brew install pre-commit  # or pip install pre-commit
pre-commit install
pre-commit run --all-files

CI Pipeline Snippet

- name: Run pre-commit hooks
  run: |
    pip install pre-commit
    pre-commit run --all-files

Final Thoughts: Pre-Commit as Engineering Culture

Pre-commit is not just a Git tool. It’s your first line of:

  • Code Quality Defence
  • Security Posture Reinforcement
  • Operational Efficiency

Adopting it is a small effort with exponential returns.

Start small. Standardise. Automate. And let every commit carry the weight of your engineering discipline.

Stay Updated

Follow NocturnalKnight.co and my Substack for hands-on DevSecOps guides that blend efficiency, compliance, and automation.

Got feedback or want the Zerberus pre-commit kit? Ping me on LinkedIn or leave a comment.

Oracle Cloud Breach Is a Transitive Trust Timebomb : Here’s How to Defuse It

Oracle Cloud Breach Is a Transitive Trust Timebomb : Here’s How to Defuse It

By | | Comments 0 Comment

“One mispatched server in the cloud can ignite a wildfire of trust collapse across 140,000 tenants.”

1. The Context: Why This Matters

In March 2025, a breach at Oracle Cloud shook the enterprise SaaS world. A few hours after Rahul from CloudSEK first flagged signs of a possible compromise, I published an initial analysis titled Is Oracle Cloud Safe? Data Breach Allegations and What You Need to Do Now. That piece was an urgent response to a fast-moving situation, but this article is the reflective follow-up. Here, I break down not just the facts of what happened, but the deeper problem it reveals: the fragility of transitive trust in modern cloud ecosystems.

Threat actor rose87168 leaked nearly 6 million records tied to Oracle’s login infrastructure, affecting over 140,000 tenants. The source? A misconfigured legacy server still running an unpatched version of Oracle Access Manager (OAM) vulnerable to CVE‑2021‑35587.

Initially dismissed by Oracle as isolated and obsolete, the breach was later confirmed via datasets and a tampered page on the login domain itself, captured in archived snapshots. This breach was not just an Oracle problem. It was a supply chain problem. The moment authentication breaks upstream, every SaaS product, platform, and identity provider depending on it inherits the risk, often unknowingly.

Welcome to the age of transitive trust. shook the enterprise SaaS world. Threat actor rose87168 leaked nearly 6 million records tied to Oracle’s login infrastructure, affecting over 140,000 tenants. The source? A misconfigured legacy server still running an unpatched version of Oracle Access Manager (OAM) vulnerable to CVE‑2021‑35587.

Initially dismissed by Oracle as isolated and obsolete, the breach was later confirmed via datasets and a tampered page on the login domain itself, captured in archived snapshots. This breach was not just an Oracle problem. It was a supply chain problem. The moment authentication breaks upstream, every SaaS product, platform, and identity provider depending on it inherits the risk, often unknowingly.

Welcome to the age of transitive trust.

2. Anatomy of the Attack

Attack Vector

  • Exploited: CVE-2021-35587, a critical RCE in Oracle Access Manager.
  • Payload: Malformed XML allowed unauthenticated remote code execution.

Exploited Asset

  • Legacy Oracle Cloud Gen1 login endpoints still active (e.g., login.us2.oraclecloud.com).
  • These endpoints were supposedly decommissioned but remained publicly accessible.

Proof & Exfiltration

  • Uploaded artefact visible in Wayback Machine snapshots.
  • Datasets included:
    • JKS files, encrypted SSO credentials, LDAP passwords
    • Tenant metadata, PII, hashes of admin credentials

Validated by researchers from CloudSEK, ZenoX, and GoSecure.

3. How Was This Possible?

  • Infrastructure drift: Legacy systems like Gen1 login were never fully decommissioned.
  • Patch blindness: CVE‑2021‑35587 was disclosed in 2021 but remained exploitable.
  • Trust misplacement: Downstream services assumed the upstream IDP layer was hardened.
  • Lack of dependency mapping: Tenants had no visibility into Oracle’s internal infra state.

4. How This Could Have Been Prevented

Oracle’s Prevention Gaps
VectorPreventive Control
Legacy exposureEnforce infra retirement workflows. Remove public DNS entries for deprecated endpoints.
Patch gapsAutomate CVE patch enforcement across cloud services with SLA tracking.
IDP isolationDecouple prod identity from test/staging legacy infra. Enforce strict perimeter controls.
What Clients Could Have Done
Risk InheritedMitigation Strategy
Blind transitive trustMaintain a real-time trust graph between IDPs, SaaS apps, and their dependencies.
Credential overreachUse scoped tokens, auto-expire shared secrets, enforce rotation.
Detection lagMonitor downstream for leaked credentials or unusual login flows tied to upstream IDPs.

5. Your Response Plan for Upstream IDP Risk

DomainBest Practices
Identity & AccessEnforce federated MFA, short-lived sessions, conditional access rules
Secrets ManagementStore all secrets in a vault, rotate frequently, avoid static tokens
Vulnerability HygieneIntegrate CVE scanners into CI/CD pipelines and runtime checks
Visibility & AuditingMaintain structured logs of identity provider access and token usage
Trust Graph MappingActively map third-party IDP integrations, revalidate quarterly

6. Tools That Help You Defuse Transitive Trust Risks

ToolMitigatesUse Case
CloudSEK XVigilCredential leaksMonitor for exposure of tokens, admin hashes, or internal credentials in open channels
Cortex Xpanse / CensysLegacy infra exposureSurface forgotten login domains and misconfigured IDP endpoints
OPA / OSQuery / FalcoPolicy enforcementDetect violations of login logic, elevated access, or fallback misroutes
Orca / WizRuntime postureSpot residual access paths and configuration drifts post-incident
Sigstore / CosignSupply chain integrityProtect CI/CD artefacts but limited in identity-layer breach contexts
Vault (HashiCorp)Secrets lifecycleAutomate token expiration, key rotation, and zero plaintext exposure
Zerberus.ai Trace-AITransitive trust, IDP visibilityDiscover hidden dependencies in SaaS trust chains and enforce control validation

7. Lessons Learned

When I sat down to write this, these statements felt too obvious to be called lessons. Of course authentication is production infrastructure, any practitioner would agree. But then why do so few treat it that way? Why don’t we build failovers for our SSO? Why is trust still assumed, rather than validated?

These aren’t revelations. They’re reminders; hard-earned ones.

  • Transitive trust is NOT NEUTRAL, it’s a silent threat multiplier. It embeds risk invisibly into every integration.
  • Legacy infrastructure never retires itself. If it’s still reachable, it’s exploitable.
  • Authentication systems deserve production-level fault tolerance. Build them like you’d build your API or Payment Gateway.
  • Trust is not a diagram to revisit once a year; it must be observable, enforced, and continuously verified.

8. Making the Invisible Visible: Why We Built Zerberus

Transitive trust is invisible until it fails. Most teams don’t realise how many of their security guarantees hinge on external identity providers, third-party SaaS integrations, and cloud-native IAM misconfigurations.

At Zerberus, we set out to answer a hard question: What if you could see the trust relationships before they became a risk?

  • We map your entire trust graph, from identity providers and cloud resources to downstream tools and cross-SaaS entitlements.
  • We continuously verify the health and configuration of your identity and access layers, including:
    • MFA enforcement
    • Secret expiration windows
    • IDP endpoint exposure
  • We bridge compliance and security by treating auth controls and access posture as observable artefacts, not static assumptions.

Your biggest security risk may not be inside your codebase, but outside your control plane. Zerberus is your lens into that blind spot.

Further Reading & References

Want to Know Who You’re Really Trusting?

Start your free Zerberus trial and discover the trust graph behind your SaaS stack—before someone else does.

JP Morgan’s Warning: Ignoring Security Could End Your SaaS Startup

JP Morgan’s Warning: Ignoring Security Could End Your SaaS Startup

By | | Comments 0 Comment

The AI-driven SaaS boom, powered by code generation, agentic workflows and rapid orchestration layers, is producing 5-person teams with £10M+ in ARR. This breakneck scale and productivity is impressive, but it’s also hiding a dangerous truth: many of these startups are operating without a secure software supply chain. In most cases, these teams either lack the in-house expertise to truly understand the risks they are inheriting — or they have the intent, but not the tools, time, or resources to properly analyse, let alone mitigate, those threats. Security, while acknowledged in principle, becomes an afterthought in practice.

This is exactly the concern raised by Pat Opet, CISO of JP Morgan Chase, in an open letter addressed to their entire supplier ecosystem. He warned that most third-party vendors lack sufficient visibility into how their AI models function, how dependencies are managed, and how security is verified at the build level. In his words, organisations are deploying systems they “fundamentally don’t understand” — a sobering assessment from one of the world’s most systemically important financial institutions.

To paraphrase the message: enterprise buyers can no longer rely on assumed trust. Instead, they are demanding demonstrable assurance that:

  • Dependencies are known and continuously monitored
  • Model behaviours are documented and explainable
  • Security controls exist beyond the UI and extend into the build pipeline
  • Vendors can detect and respond to supply chain attacks in real time

In June 2025, JP Morgan’s CISO, Pat Opet, issued a public open letter warning third-party suppliers and technology vendors about their growing negligence in security. The message was clear — financial institutions are now treating supply chain risk as systemic. And if your SaaS startup sells to enterprise, you’re on notice.

The Enterprise View: Supply Chain Security Is Not Optional

JP Morgan’s letter wasn’t vague. It cited the following concerns:

  • 78% of AI systems lack basic security protocols
  • Most vendors cannot explain how their AI models behave
  • Software vulnerabilities have tripled since 2023

The problem? Speed has consistently outpaced security.

This echoes warnings from security publications like Cybersecurity Dive and CSO Online, which describe SaaS tools as the soft underbelly of the enterprise stack — often over-permissioned, under-reviewed, and embedded deep in operational workflows.

How Did We Get Here?

The SaaS delivery model rewards speed and customer acquisition, not resilience. With low capital requirements, modern teams outsource infrastructure, embed GPT agents, and build workflows that abstract away complexity and visibility.

But abstraction is not control.

Most AI-native startups:

  • Pull dependencies from unvetted registries (npm, PyPI)
  • Push unscanned artefacts into CI/CD pipelines
  • Lack documented SBOMs or any provenance trace
  • Treat compliance as a checkbox, not a design constraint

Reco.ai’s analysis of this trend calls it out directly: “The industry is failing itself.”

JP Morgan’s Position Is a Signal, Not an Exception

When one of the world’s most risk-averse financial institutions spends $2B on AI security, slows its own deployments, and still goes public with a warning — it’s not posturing. It’s drawing a line.

The implication is that future vendor evaluations won’t just look for SOC 2 reports or ISO logos. Enterprises will want to know:

  • Can you explain your model decisions?
  • Do you have a verifiable SBOM?
  • Can you respond to a supply chain CVE within 24 hours?

This is not just for unicorns. It will affect every AI-integrated SaaS vendor in every enterprise buying cycle.

What Founders Need to Do — Today

If you’re a startup founder, here’s your checklist:

Inventory your dependencies — use SBOM tools like Syft or Trace-AI
Scan for vulnerabilities — Grype, Snyk, or GitHub Actions
Document AI model behaviours and data flows
Define incident response workflows for AI-specific attacks

This isn’t about slowing down. It’s about building a foundation that scales.

Final Thoughts: The Debt Is Real, and It’s Compounding

Security debt behaves like technical debt, except when it comes due, it can take down your company.

JP Morgan’s open letter has changed the conversation. Compliance is no longer a secondary concern for SaaS startups. It’s now a prerequisite for trust.

The startups that recognise this early and act on it will win the trust of regulators, customers, and partners. The rest may never make it past procurement.

References & Further Reading

Trump’s Executive Order 14144 Overhaul, Part 2: Analysis of Post Quantum Cryptography Clauses

Trump’s Executive Order 14144 Overhaul, Part 2: Analysis of Post Quantum Cryptography Clauses

By | | Comments 0 Comment

While Part 1 explored how the amendment reinforced a sanctions-led approach and repositioned AI policy within the broader cybersecurity doctrine, this second instalment shifts focus to its most understated move — the cryptographic recalibration. Executive Order 14144’s treatment of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) may appear procedural at first glance, but in its omissions and realignments lies a deeper signal about how the United States intends to balance resilience, readiness, and sovereignty in a quantum-threatened world.

Executive Summary

The June 2025 amendment to Executive Order 14144 quietly redefines the United States’ approach to Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). While it retains the recognition of CRQC as a threat and maintains certain tactical mandates such as TLS 1.3, it rolls back critical enforcement mechanisms and abandons global coordination. This signals a strategic recalibration, shifting from enforced transition to selective readiness. For enterprise CISOs, vendors, and cybersecurity strategists, the message is clear: leadership on PQC will now emerge from the ground up.

What the Amendment Changed

The Trump administration’s June 2025 revision to EO 14144 leaves much of the cryptographic threat framing intact, but systematically reduces deployment timelines and global mandates. Notably:

  • CRQC remains listed as a critical national threat
  • TLS 1.3 mandate remains, now with clarified deadlines
  • SSDF and patching guidance are retained
  • The CISA product list deadline is upheld

However, three key changes undermine its enforceability:

  • The 90-day procurement trigger for PQC tools is removed
  • Agencies are no longer required to deploy PQC when available
  • The international coordination clause promoting NIST PQC globally is eliminated

Why the International Clause Matters

The removal of the global coordination clause is more than a bureaucratic adjustment; it represents a strategic shift.

Possible Reasons:

  • Geopolitical pragmatism: Aligning allies behind NIST PQC may be unrealistic with Europe pursuing crypto-sovereignty and China promoting SM2
  • Avoiding early lock-in: Promoting PQC globally before commercial maturity risks advocating immature technologies
  • Supply chain nationalism: This may be a move to protect the domestic PQC ecosystem from premature exposure or standards capture
  • Sanctions-first strategy: The EO prioritises the preservation of cyber sanctions infrastructure, signalling a move from soft power (standards promotion) to hard deterrence

This aligns with the broader tone of the EO amendment, consolidating national tools while reducing forward-facing mandates.

From Mandate to Optionality: PQC Enforcement Rolled Back

The deletion of the PQC procurement requirement and deployment enforcement transforms the United States’ posture from proactive to reactive. There is no longer a mandate that agencies or vendors use post-quantum encryption; instead, it encourages awareness.

This introduces several risks:

  • Agencies may delay PQC adoption while awaiting further guidance
  • Vendors face uncertainty, questioning whether to prepare for future mandates or focus on current market readiness
  • Federal supply chains may remain vulnerable well into the 2030s

Strategic Implications: A Doctrine of Selective Resilience

This amendment reflects a broader trend: preserving the appearance of resilience without committing to costly transitions. It signifies:

  • A shift towards agency-level discretion over central enforcement
  • A belief that commercial readiness should precede policy enforcement
  • A pivot from global cyber diplomacy to domestic cyber deterrence

This is not a retreat, it is a repositioning.

What Enterprises and Vendors Should Do Now

Despite the rollback, the urgency surrounding PQC remains. Forward-thinking organisations should:

  • Inventory vulnerable cryptographic systems such as RSA and ECC
  • Introduce crypto-agility frameworks to support seamless algorithm transitions
  • Explore hybrid encryption schemes that combine classical and quantum-safe algorithms
  • Monitor NIST, NSA (CNSA 2.0), and OMB guidance closely

For vendors, supporting PQC and crypto-agility will soon become a market differentiator rather than merely a compliance requirement.

Conclusion: Optionality is Not Immunity

The Trump EO amendment does not deny the quantum threat. It simply refrains from mandating early adoption. This increases the importance of voluntary leadership. Those who embed quantum-resilient architectures today will become the trust anchors of the future.

Optionality may offer policy flexibility, but it does not eliminate risk.

References and Further Reading

  1. Executive Order 14144 (January 2025)
  2. EO Amendment (June 2025)
  3. NIST PQC Project
  4. NSA CNSA 2.0 Requirements
  5. OMB M-23-02 Memo on Cryptographic Inventory
Trump’s Executive Order 14144 Overhaul, Part 1: Sanctions, AI, and Security at the Crossroads

Trump’s Executive Order 14144 Overhaul, Part 1: Sanctions, AI, and Security at the Crossroads

By | | Comments 0 Comment

I have been analysing cybersecurity legislation and policy for years — not just out of academic curiosity, but through the lens of a practitioner grounded in real-world systems and an observer tuned to the undercurrents of geopolitics. With this latest Executive Order, I took time to trace implications not only where headlines pointed, but also in the fine print. Consider this your distilled briefing: designed to help you, whether you’re in policy, security, governance, or tech. If you’re looking specifically for Post-Quantum Cryptography, hold tight — Part 2 of this series dives deep into that.

Image summarising the EO14144 Amendment

“When security becomes a moving target, resilience must become policy.” That appears to be the underlying message in the White House’s latest cybersecurity directive — a new Executive Order (June 6, 2025) that amends and updates the scope of earlier cybersecurity orders (13694 and 14144). The order introduces critical shifts in how the United States addresses digital threats, retools offensive and defensive cyber policies, and reshapes future standards for software, identity, and AI/quantum resilience.

Here’s a breakdown of the major components:

1. Recalibrating Cyber Sanctions: A Narrower Strike Zone

The Executive Order modifies EO 13694 (originally enacted under President Obama) by limiting the scope of sanctions to “foreign persons” involved in significant malicious cyber activity targeting critical infrastructure. While this aligns sanctions with diplomatic norms, it effectively removes domestic actors and certain hybrid threats from direct accountability under this framework.

More controversially, the order removes explicit provisions on election interference, which critics argue could dilute the United States’ posture against foreign influence operations in democratic processes. This omission has sparked concern among cybersecurity policy experts and election integrity advocates.

2. Digital Identity Rollback: A Missed Opportunity?

In a notable reversal, the order revokes a Biden-era initiative aimed at creating a government-backed digital identity system for securely accessing public benefits. The original programme sought to modernise digital identity verification while reducing fraud.

The administration has justified the rollback by citing concerns over entitlement fraud involving undocumented individuals, but many security professionals argue this undermines legitimate advancements in privacy-preserving, verifiable identity systems, especially as other nations accelerate national digital ID adoption.

3. AI and Quantum Security: Building Forward with Standards

In a forward-looking move, the order places renewed emphasis on AI system security and quantum-readiness. It tasks the Department of Defence (DoD), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) with establishing minimum standards and risk assessment frameworks for:

  • Artificial Intelligence (AI) system vulnerabilities in government use
  • Quantum computing risks, especially in breaking current encryption methods

A major role is assigned to NIST — to develop formal standards, update existing guidance, and expand the National Cybersecurity Centre of Excellence (NCCoE) use cases on AI threat modelling and cryptographic agility.

(We will cover the post-quantum cryptography directives in detail in Part 2 of this series.)

4. Software Security: From Documentation to Default

The Executive Order mandates a major upgrade in the federal software security lifecycle. Specifically, NIST has been directed to:

  • Expand the Secure Software Development Framework (SSDF)
  • Build an industry-led consortium for secure patching and software update mechanisms
  • Publish updates to NIST SP 800-53 to reflect stronger expectations on software supply chain controls, logging, and third-party risk visibility

This reflects a larger shift toward enforcing security-by-design in both federal software acquisitions and vendor submissions, including open-source components.

5. A Shift in Posture: From Prevention to Risk Acceptance?

Perhaps the most significant undercurrent in the EO is a philosophical pivot: moving from proactive deterrence to a model that manages exposure through layered standards and economic deterrents. Critics caution that this may downgrade national cyber defence from a proactive strategy to a posture of strategic containment.

This move seems to prioritise resilience over retaliation, but it also raises questions: what happens when deterrence is no longer a credible or immediate tool?

Final Thoughts

This Executive Order attempts to balance continuity with redirection, sustaining selective progress in software security and PQC while revoking or narrowing other key initiatives like digital identity and foreign election interference sanctions. Whether this is a strategic recalibration or a rollback in disguise remains a matter of interpretation.

As the cybersecurity landscape evolves faster than ever, one thing is clear: this is not just a policy update; it is a signal of intent. And that signal deserves close scrutiny from both allies and adversaries alike.

Further Reading

https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/06/sustaining-select-efforts-to-strengthen-the-nations-cybersecurity-and-amending-executive-order-13694-and-executive-order-14144/

Why VCs in Europe Are Looking at Compliance Startups Now

Why VCs in Europe Are Looking at Compliance Startups Now

By | | Comments 0 Comment

Introduction
Europe’s compliance landscape is undergoing a seismic shift. With the proliferation of AI-driven products, tightening regulations such as ISO 27001, SOC 2, and PCI DSS, and the growing complexity of digital operations, businesses are under unprecedented pressure to stay compliant. Compliance automation and RegTech startups are rising to meet this challenge, infusing artificial intelligence and automation into compliance and security workflows. This transformation is not only streamlining operations but is also attracting significant venture capital (VC) investment, positioning compliance automation as a critical pillar of the modern digital economy.

Image Source: CB Insights

1. Companies Driving Compliance Automation
1.1 Fintech and Sector-Specific Leaders

  • Dotfile (France): Provides AI-powered KYB and AML automation for fintechs. Recently raised €6 million from Seaya Ventures and serves over 50 customers in 10 countries.
  • REMATIQ (Germany): Specialises in MedTech compliance automation (MDR, FDA). Raised €5.4 million in seed funding led by Project A Ventures.
  • Duna (Netherlands): Simplifies business identity and compliance. Raised €10.7 million with backing from Stripe and Adyen executives.
  • 1.2 ISO 27001, SOC 2, PCI DSS and European Startups
StandardCompanyDescriptionFunding Highlights
ISO 27001VantaAutomates ISO 27001, SOC 2, PCI DSS audits with AI-driven evidence collection; 8,000+ clients including Atlassian.$268M total funding (2024)
ScytaleAI-based ISO 27001 certification acceleration.Undisclosed
Strike GraphFocus on ISO 27001 and SOC 2 with 100% audit success rate.$8M Series A (2021)
SOC 2SecureframeAI-driven SOC 2 and ISO 27001 compliance automation.$74M total funding (2022)
SprintoEuropean-founded, automates SOC 2, ISO 27001, GDPR, PCI DSS, HIPAA, and more; tailored for fast-growing companies and SMBs.$31.8M total funding (2024)6 8 9
TrusteroAI-powered SOC 2 and ISO 27001 automation, reducing audit costs by 75%.$10.35M Series A (2024)
PCI DSSMindsecPCI DSS automation with faster certification cycles.Early stage, undisclosed
VantaAlso supports PCI DSS compliance automation.Included in total funding above
Table of the some Innovative Companies leading the charge

2. The VC Landscape: Who’s Investing in Compliance Automation and RegTech?
2.1 Key VC Funds and Investment Initiatives

  • European Cybersecurity Investment Platform (ECIP):
    • Target size: €1 billion fund-of-funds, focused on European cybersecurity and RegTech startups, especially Series A+ and late-stage companies.
    • Supported by the European Investment Bank (EIB), European Commission, and major private investors.
  • ECCC (European Cybersecurity Competence Centre):
    • Allocated €390 million for cybersecurity projects (2025–2027), including AI, compliance automation, and post-quantum security.
  • EU Digital Europe Programme:
    • €1.3 billion allocated for cybersecurity and AI projects (2025–2027), with €441.6 million specifically for cybersecurity initiatives.
    • Focus areas: AI-driven compliance, cyber resilience, and automation for SMEs and critical infrastructure.
  • 2.2 Leading VC Funds Investing in Cybersecurity & Compliance Automation
Fund/InitiativeFocusTypical Ticket SizeNotable Investments(2022–2025)
Seaya VenturesFintech, compliance automation€4–12M (Series A/B)Dotfile, REMATIQ
Project A VenturesAI, MedTech, compliance€5–15M (Seed/Series A)REMATIQ
Accel, Elevation CapitalRegTech, SaaS, security$5–20MSprinto
CrowdStrike, Goldman SachsSecurity, compliance automation$10–100MVanta
Accomplice VenturesSecurity, SaaS$5–20MSecureframe
Bright Pixel CapitalAI, compliance, automation$5–15MTrustero
  • 2.3 Investment Volumes and Trends (2022–2025)
    • Over $500 million invested in European compliance automation and RegTech startups in 2024 alone.
    • ECIP and the ECCC have committed over €1.3 billion for cybersecurity, AI, and compliance automation projects between 2025–2027.
    • VC funds are increasingly targeting multi-framework compliance automation platforms (e.g., ISO 27001, SOC 2, PCI DSS, GDPR) for their scalability and cross-sector appeal.
  • 3. Regulatory Acts and Frameworks Driving Adoption
Regulation/ActFocus AreaImpact on Compliance Automation Startups
EU AI Act (2024)Risk-based regulation of AI systemsRequires conformity assessments, external audits, AI literacy tools.
EU AML Package & AMLA (2025)Stricter AML rules and new supervisory authorityDrives demand for automated AML/KYC solutions (e.g., Dotfile).
MiFID II & PSD3 (2025 updates)Financial services and open bankingPushes adoption of advanced compliance tools in fintech.
Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA)Crypto asset licensing and transparencySpurs crypto compliance automation (e.g., Duna).
CSRD (2025)ESG reporting and sustainability disclosuresExpands compliance scope, increasing demand for automation in ESG reporting.
NIS2 Directive (2024)Cybersecurity for critical infrastructureBoosts adoption of ISO 27001 and SOC 2 automation tools.
GDPR, CCPA, PIPEDAData protection and privacyNecessitates automated workflows for compliance and audit readiness.
PCI DSSPayment card security standardsDrives specialised PCI DSS automation solutions (e.g., Mindsec, Sprinto).

4. Why AI and Automation Are Essential for Compliance and Security Workflows
The rise of AI-generated products and increasingly complex digital ecosystems mean manual compliance is no longer viable. Compliance automation and RegTech platforms, such as Sprinto, Vanta, and Secureframe, are essential for several reasons:

  • Real-Time Monitoring: AI-powered compliance automation enables continuous, real-time monitoring, instantly flagging anomalies and enabling rapid remediation.
  • Scalability: Automated platforms can handle the growing volume and complexity of regulatory frameworks, including ISO 27001, SOC 2, and PCI DSS, without proportional increases in headcount.
  • Accuracy and Proactivity: AI-driven systems minimise human error, proactively detect risks, and enforce compliance before breaches occur.
  • Cost Efficiency: Automation reduces the labour and time required for audits, evidence collection, and reporting, freeing up resources for innovation.
  • Continuous Validation: Instead of periodic checks, AI ensures ongoing compliance validation, essential as AI-generated products proliferate and regulatory scrutiny intensifies.

With AI now building products, only AI-driven compliance automation can keep pace with the speed, scale, and complexity of modern digital businesses.

  • 5. Industry and VC Momentum
    • Compliance automation is evolving from a cost centre to a strategic enabler, reducing operational risk and accelerating digital transformation.
    • AI and machine learning are now foundational in compliance solutions, automating evidence collection, risk assessment, and audit reporting.
    • Startups like Sprinto, Vanta, and Trustero report reducing manual compliance effort by up to 90%, enabling faster and more reliable certification cycles.
    • Adoption is broadening beyond technology companies into sectors such as retail, healthcare, and financial services, reflecting the universal need for scalable compliance automation and RegTech solutions.
    • VC firms are prioritising startups that offer multi-framework, AI-powered platforms-especially those addressing ISO 27001, SOC 2, and PCI DSS compliance.

6. Challenges and Opportunities
Challenges:

  • Integrating automation solutions with legacy systems and diverse regulatory environments.
  • Ensuring transparency and auditability of AI-driven compliance decisions.
  • Navigating overlapping and evolving regulations across jurisdictions.
  • Opportunities:
    • Early compliance with the EU AI Act and AMLA can be a market differentiator.
    • Expansion into ESG and sustainability compliance automation as CSRD enforcement grows.
    • Leveraging AI for predictive risk insights and continuous compliance monitoring.

7. Conclusion
The momentum in compliance automation and RegTech is unmistakable, with European startups and global platforms attracting record VC investment and regulatory support. As AI-driven products multiply and regulatory frameworks like ISO 27001, SOC 2, and PCI DSS become more complex, the need for automated, scalable, and proactive compliance solutions is urgent. Venture capitalists who overlook this sector risk missing out on the next wave of digital infrastructure innovation. Compliance automation is not just a regulatory necessity-it is becoming a strategic imperative for every organisation building in the digital age.

8. References & Further Reading

Bitnami